Footnotes:
1. Throughout this document, except for quotes from other sources, we will employ the correct technical terms. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 designates the virus currently in circulation, and COVID-19 the disease it causes.
2. Alberto Rossi, “Coronavirus, l’allarme delle esperti: “Un terzo del mondo sarà contagiato. Milioni i morti,” Teleclubitalia.it, Feb. 17, 2020, https://www.teleclubitalia.it/185547/coronavirus-lallarme-delle-esperti-un-terzo-del-mondo-sara-contagiato-milioni-i-morti/.
3. Francesco Sisci, “Scenario Coronavirus/ L’Italia non è la Cina, ma deve cambiare passo: con la Nato,” Mar. 9, 2020, https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/scenario-coronavirus-litalia-non-e-la-cina-ma-deve-cambiare-passo-con-la-nato/1994403/.
4. Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, “Report 9: Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) to Reduce COVID-19 Mortality and Healthcare Demand,” Imperial.ac.uk, 3, Mar. 16, 2020, https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf.
5. See Douglas Jordan, Terrence Tumpey, and Barbara Jester, “The Deadliest Flu: The Complete Story of the Discovery and Reconstruction of the 1918 Pandemic Virus,” CDC.gov, accessed Apr. 27, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/reconstruction-1918-virus.html.
6. Neil Ferguson, Twitter, accessed Apr. 26, 2020, https://twitter.com/neil_ferguson/status/1241835454707699713.
7. See Benny Peiser and Andrew Montford, “Coronavirus Lessons From the Asteroid That Didn’t Hit Earth,” The Wall Street Journal, Apr. 1, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-lessons-from-the-asteroid-that-didnt-hit-earth-11585780465.
8. See Matt Stieb, “Oxford Model: Coronavirus May Have Already Infected Half of U.K. Population,” New York Intelligencer, Mar. 24, 2020, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/oxford-study-coronavirus-may-have-infected-half-of-u-k.html.
9. Thomas Wider, “Coronavirus : une étude dans le principal foyer de l’épidémie en Allemagne revoit le taux de mortalité à la baisse,” Le Monde, Apr. 10, 2020, https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2020/04/10/coronavirus-une-etude-allemande-revoit-a-la-baisse-le-taux-de-mortalite_6036206_3244.html.
10. See Anna Otte, Anthony C. Marriott, Carola Dreier, et al. “Evolution of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Viruses During the Pandemic Correlates With Increased Viral Pathogenicity and Transmissibility in the Ferret Model,” Nature, Jun. 24, 2016, https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28583.
11. “Coronavirus, il quadro clinico dei deceduti in Italia,” Tg24.Sky.it, Mar. 6, 2020, https://tg24.sky.it/salute-e-benessere/2020/03/06/coronavirus-deceduti-italia.html.
12. Chiara Lanari, “Coronavirus, drammatiche previsioni Istat: rischio shock economico,” Investireoggi, Apr. 8, 2020, https://www.investireoggi.it/economia/coronavirus-drammatiche-previsioni-istat-rischio-shock-economico/.
13. Bruno Perini, “COVID-19: depressione economica, c’è chi sente già l’odore,” SenzaFiltro, Apr. 8, 2020, https://www.informazionesenzafiltro.it/covid-19-depressione-economica-ce-chi-sente-gia-lodore/.
14. Gustavo Boni, “La crisi del coronavirus: che ne sarà di noi?” Osservatorioglobalizzazione.it, Apr. 6, 2020, http://osservatorioglobalizzazione.it/dossier/coronavirus-sfide-e-scenari/la-crisi-del-coronavirus-che-ne-sara-di-noi/.
15. Perini, “Depressione economica,” https://www.informazionesenzafiltro.it/covid-19-depressione-economica-ce-chi-sente-gia-lodore/.
16. Paolo Baroni, “Coronavirus “choc epocale”: in Italia a rischio 1 milione di imprese,” La Stampa, Apr. 7, 2020, https://www.lastampa.it/economia/lavoro/2020/04/07/news/coronavirus-choc-epocale-in-italia-a-rischio-1-milione-di-imprese-1.38689190.
17. Lanari, “Rischio shock economico,”https://www.investireoggi.it/economia/coronavirus-drammatiche-previsioni-istat-rischio-shock-economico/.
18. Marc Vignaud, “Coronavirus : l’activité chute de 36 % en France,” Le Point, Apr. 9, 2020, https://www.lepoint.fr/economie/coronavirus-l-activite-chute-de-36-en-france-09-04-2020-2370770_28.php#.
19. Nicolas Baverez, “‘Le déconfinement, une urgence nationale,’” Le Figaro, Apr. 19, 2020, https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/societe/nicolas-baverez-le-deconfinement-une-urgence-nationale-20200419.
20. Océane Herrero, “9,6 millions de salariés du privé sont au chômage partiel, annonce Muriel Pénicaud,” Le Figaro, Apr. 20, 2020, https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/9-6-millions-de-salaries-du-prive-sont-au-chomage-partiel-annonce-muriel-penicaud-20200420.
21. Audrey Tonnelier, “Les conséquences, par secteur économique, du confinement des Français,” Le Monde, Apr. 7, 2020, https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2020/04/07/les-consequences-par-secteur-economique-du-confinement-des-francais_6035832_823448.html.
22. “Coronavirus : l’impact économique de l’épidémie sera «considérable», prévient Philippe,” Le Parisien, Apr. 8, 2020, http://www.leparisien.fr/economie/coronavirus-l-impact-economique-de-l-epidemie-sera-considerable-previent-philippe-08-04-2020-8296404.php.
23. “Le coronavirus provoque ‘les pires conséquences économiques’ depuis 1929, prévient le FMI,” L’Obs, Apr. 9, 2020, https://www.nouvelobs.com/coronavirus-de-wuhan/20200409.OBS27303/le-coronavirus-provoque-les-pires-consequences-economiques-depuis-1929-previent-le-fmi.html
24. Julien Bouissou, “Coronavirus : le FMI prédit une récession mondiale historique, avec un recul de la croissance estimé à 3% en 2020,” Le Monde, Apr. 14, 2020, https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/04/14/coronavirus-le-fmi-predit-une-recession-mondiale-historique-avec-un-recul-de-la-croissance-estime-a-3-en-2020_6036559_3234.html
25. “COVID-19 and the world of work.”Second edition. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf.
26. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-iglo/newsroom/news/WCMS_740893/lang–en/index.htm
27. Anne Cheyvialle, “Le Covid-19 provoque une envolée du chômage dans le monde,” Le Monde, Apr. 7, 2020, https://www.lefigaro.fr/social/coronavirus-1-25-milliard-de-travailleurs-courent-un-risque-de-licenciement-ou-de-reduction-de-salaire-selon-l-oit-20200407.
28. Pierre-Yves Dugua, “Le Covid-19 met à terre l’économie américaine,” Le Figaro, Apr. 16, 2020, https://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/le-covid-19-met-a-terre-l-economie-americaine-20200416.
29. Sébastian Seibt, “Coronavirus: 500 millions de personnes menacées par la pauvreté, ‘aucun équivalent historique,’” France24.com, Apr. 9, 2020, https://www.france24.com/fr/20200409-coronavirus-500-millions-de-personnes-menac%C3%A9es-par-la-pauvret%C3%A9-aucun-%C3%A9quivalent-historique.
30. Bouissou, “le FMI prédit une récession,” https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/04/14/coronavirus-le-fmi-predit-une-recession-mondiale-historique-avec-un-recul-de-la-croissance-estime-a-3-en-2020_6036559_3234.html.
31. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Health Organization, “Poverty and Health,” [DAC Guidelines and Reference Series], WHO.int, 14, accessed Apr. 27, 2020, https://www.who.int/tobacco/research/economics/publications/oecd_dac_pov_health.pdf.
32. “Global Hunger Could Double Due to COVID-19 Blow: U.N.,” Reuters, Apr. 21, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-un-food/global-hunger-could-double-due-to-covid-19-blow-u-n-idUSKBN22313U.
33. Fiona Harvey, “Coronavirus Pandemic ‘Will Cause Famine of Biblical Proportions,’” The Guardian, Apr. 21, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/apr/21/coronavirus-pandemic-will-cause-famine-of-biblical-proportions.
34. See, for example, Peter-Philipp Schmitt, „Wir haben neue Symptome entdeckt“ Frankfurter Allgemeine, Mar. 6, 2020, https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/gesundheit/coronavirus/neue-corona-symptome-entdeckt-virologe-hendrik-streeck-zum-virus-16681450.html and Hugo Martin, “Para un prestigioso científico argentino, ‘el coronavirus no merece que el planeta esté en un estado de parate total,’” Infobae, Mar. 28, 2020, https://www.infobae.com/coronavirus/2020/03/28/para-un-prestigioso-cientifico-argentino-el-coronavirus-no-merece-que-el-planeta-este-en-un-estado-de-parate-total/.
35. See Audrey Wison, “The Countries That Are Succeeding at Flattening the Curve,” Foreign Policy, Apr. 2, 2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/02/countries-succeeding-flattening-curve-coronavirus-testing-quarantine/.
36. Stefano Magni, “Lockdown: gli italiani sono i più reclusi del mondo,” La Nuova Bussola Quotidiana, Apr. 15, 2020, https://lanuovabq.it/it/lockdown-gli-italiani-sono-i-piu-reclusi-del-mondo.
37. The Editorial Board, “Rethinking the Coronavirus Shutdown,” The Wall Street Journal, Mar. 19, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/rethinking-the-coronavirus-shutdown-11584659154.
38. https://istoe.com.br/a-nova-ordem-mundial/
39. World Health Organization, “Guiding Principles for Immunization Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic, WHO.int, Mar. 26, 2020, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331590/WHO-2019-nCoV-immunization_services-2020.1-eng.pdf. (Emphasis in the original.)
40. Javier Sampedro, “El dilema del diablo,” El País, Apr. 10, 2020, https://elpais.com/ciencia/2020-04-10/el-dilema-del-diablo.html
41. Ibid.
42. Julio Loredo, “Le grandi lezioni di un piccolo essere,” Associazione Tradizione Famiglia Proprietà, accessed Apr. 28, 2020, http://atfp.it/varie/1722-le-grandi-lezioni-di-un-piccolo-essere.
43. John Gray, “Why This Crisis Is a Turning Point in History,” NewStatesman, Apr. 1, 2020, https://www.newstatesman.com/international/2020/04/why-crisis-turning-point-history.
44. Paola Estrada, “Guerra ao imperialismo e ao coronavírus na América Latina,” MST, Apr. 10, 2020, https://mst.org.br/2020/04/10/guerra-ao-imperialismo-e-ao-coronavirus-na-america-latina/.
45. François Gemenne and Anneliese Depoux, “‘De la crise du coronavirus, on peut tirer des leçons pour lutter contre le changement climatique,’” Le Monde, Mar. 18, 2020, https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2020/03/18/de-la-crise-du-coronavirus-on-peut-tirer-des-lecons-pour-lutter-contre-le-changement-climatique_6033464_3232.html; see also Beth Gardiner, “Coronavirus Holds Key Lessons on How to Fight Climate Change,” e360.Yale.edu, Mar. 23, 2020, https://e360.yale.edu/features/coronavirus-holds-key-lessons-on-how-to-fight-climate-change.
46. Gemenne and Depoux, “‘De la crise du coronavirus,’”https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2020/03/18/de-la-crise-du-coronavirus-on-peut-tirer-des-lecons-pour-lutter-contre-le-changement-climatique_6033464_3232.html
47. Blanca Ruibal, Luis Rico García-Amado, Mario Rodríguez, Asunción Ruiz, and Juan Carlos del Olmo, “Una reconstrucción económica por la salud del planeta y de las personas,” El País, Apr. 19, 2020, https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020-04-19/una-reconstruccion-economica-por-la-salud-del-planeta-y-de-las-personas.html.
48. Manuel Planelles, “Nace una gran alianza europea para defender una salida verde a la crisis económica del coronavirus,” El País, Apr. 14, 2020, https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020-04-14/nace-una-gran-alianza-europea-para-defender-una-salida-verde-a-la-crisis-economica-del-corononavirus.html.
49. Bill Gates, “Una estrategia mundial contra la Covid-19,” El País, Apr. 11, 2020, https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/04/11/opinion/1586600730_628755.html.
50. Jeanne Smits, “Coronavirus: le rapport de l’ONU qui annonce la globalisation des solutions en vue d’une société ‘plus égalitaire et plus inclusive,’” Reinformation.TV, Apr. 9, 2020, https://reinformation.tv/coronavirus-rapport-onu-globalisation-smits-90558-2/; see also “Shared Responsibility, Global Solidarity:Responding to the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19,” UNSDG.UN.org, Mar. 2020, https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/SG-Report-Socio-Economic-Impact-of-Covid19.pdf.
51. Larry Elliott, “Gordon Brown Calls for Global Government to Tackle Coronavirus,” The Guardian, Mar. 26, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/mar/26/gordon-brown-calls-for-global-government-to-tackle-coronavirus.
52. Rafa de Miguel, “Gordon Brown: “No bastan las buenas palabras. Necesitamos un G20 con poderes ejecutivos que pase a la acción,” El País, Apr. 18, 2020, https://elpais.com/ideas/2020-04-18/no-bastan-las-buenas-palabras-necesitamos-un-g20-con-poderes-ejecutivos-que-pase-a-la-accion.html.
53. “Declaração—III Reunião do Grupo de Puebla—Progressismo é Humanidade,” Grupo de Puebla, Apr. 10, 2020, https://pt.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/declaracion-final-encuentro-virtual-grupo-de-puebla.pdf.
54. Naomi Klein, “Coronavirus Capitalism—And How to Beat It,” The Intercept, Mar. 16, 2020, https://theintercept.com/2020/03/16/coronavirus-capitalism/.
55. Nicola Mirenzi, “Il Virus Dell’Avvenire. Slavoj Zizek e il Bisogno di ‘un Nuovo Comunismo,’” HuffingtonPost.it, Apr. 8, 2020, https://www.huffingtonpost.it/entry/il-virus-dellavvenire_it_5e8d7c80c5b6e1a2e0fc234d
56. Isabel Acosta and Carmen Obregón, “Iglesias quiso aprovechar la alarma para nacionalizar eléctricas y hospitales,” El Economista, Mar. 16, 2020, 6, https://s03.s3c.es/pdf/f/a/fa5c6ca439283c3e816c577d39ad2f4a_superlunes.pdf.
57. Michael Severance, “Reddito universale? Non bastano le buone intenzioni,” La Nuova Bussola Quotidiana, Apr. 22, 2020, https://lanuovabq.it/it/reddito-universale-non-bastano-le-buone-intenzioni.
58. “Responder a la emergencia y evitar la dependencia,” Cope, Apr. 21, 2020, https://www.cope.es/actualidad/linea-editorial/noticias/responder-emergencia-evitar-dependencia-20200421_690206.
59. See Mark Gilbert, “Helicopter Money,” Bloomberg.com, Aug. 30, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/helicopter-money.
60. “Benoît Hamon: ‘Notre société s’est lourdement trompée en préférant les biens aux liens,’” Le Monde, Apr. 16, 2020, https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2020/04/16/benoit-hamon-notre-societe-s-est-lourdement-trompee-en-preferant-les-biens-aux-liens_6036725_3232.html.
61. “Why More Than 500 Political Figures and Academics Globally Have Called for Universal Basic Income in the Fight Against Coronavirus,” Independent, Mar. 18, 2020, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/letters/coronavirus-universal-basic-income-ubi-poverty-economy-business-migrants-a9408846.html.
62. Financial analyst Maurizio Milano made a lucid criticism of the “wartime socialism” that these academics and leaders advocate by calling for the creation, ex nihilo, of a huge mass of financial liquidity to acquire public and private debts, thus increasing deficits and the public debt: “Historical evidence teaches us that ’emergencies’ are the ideal breeding ground for an increasingly invasive action by states, leading to irresponsible and fragile societies to the detriment of freedom, security, and general well-being.” Maurizio Milano, “L’errore del socialismo di guerra per uscire dall’epidemia,” La Nuova Bussola Quotidiana, Apr. 17, 2020, https://lanuovabq.it/it/lerrore-del-socialismo-di-guerra-per-uscire-dallepidemia.
63. Beppe Grillo, “Reddito Universale: è arrivato il momento,” beppegrillo.it, Mar. 30, 2020, https://www.beppegrillo.it/reddito-universale-e-arrivato-il-momento/.
64. Guillaume Larrivé, “ ‘Contre la guerre civile, pour l’union nationale.’ La Tribune de Guillaume Larrivé, l’Opinion, Apr. 11, 2020, https://www.lopinion.fr/edition/politique/contre-guerre-civile-l-union-nationale-tribune-guillaume-larrive-215915. (Our emphasis.)
65. “Les services de renseignement s’inquiètent d’une radicalisation de la contestation sociale après le confinement,” Atlantico, Apr. 12, 2020, https://www.atlantico.fr/pepite/3588764/les-services-de-renseignement-s-inquietent-d-une-radicalisation-de-la-contestation-sociale-apres-le-confinement.
66. Jean Chichizola, “Les violences contre la police se multiplient dans les cités,” Le Figaro, Apr. 19, 2020, https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/les-violences-contre-la-police-se-multiplient-dans-les-cites-20200419.
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